Category: Sober living

Reassure yourself that speaking up is a compassionate gesture. If you don’t voice your concerns now, your loved one may not give up their alcohol abuse until they experience more severe consequences. Studies show that binge drinking can affect your working memory, which is your ability to store short-term information and keep track of what you’re doing. Drinking in excess can also lead to alcohol-induced 7 solution-focused therapy techniques and worksheets “blackouts.” This is when your brain fails to move information from short-term to long-term storage, resulting in fragmented memories or difficulty recalling events. Binge drinking is when a person consumes enough alcoholic beverages during a 2-hour period to bring their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08% or higher. Typically, this means four drinks for women and five drinks for men.

How Does Binge Drinking Affect Adolescents?

Because underage drinking can come with legal consequences, it’s also necessary to establish rules and consequences. It might seem convenient when you have company over, but it also makes it easier to reach for multiple drinks while you’re alone. If you do end up storing alcohol at home, keep in the back of the fridge or in a high cabinet—somewhere out of immediate sight. In addition to taking breaks for water, make a habit of slowly sipping your alcohol. Rather than chug your beer or mixed drink, take time to hold it in your mouth and appreciate its taste. If you have a hard time moderating your pace, try to stick with drinks that have low alcohol content.

If your loved one needs help

While you can’t force a loved one to abandon their binge drinking habits, voicing your concerns and offering support in the right way may help motivate them to change their ways. As you start to prioritize your alcohol use, a potential case of acute ketamine withdrawal it can have a negative effect on your work, school, or social life. You might try cutting back on your drinking but find that you suffer headaches, fatigue, anxiety, or irritability on the days when you don’t drink.

Signs and symptoms of binge drinking

Watching a friend or family member struggle with a binge-drinking habit can be difficult, even heart-wrenching. You’ll likely be there to witness their most reckless behavior, cocaine crack painful hangovers, and their sense of shame and depression afterwards. For example, you can resolve to stick to one or two drinks during your outing with friends.

Binge Drinking Health Effects

Drinking a lot, quickly, or drinking to get drunk can have serious consequences for your short- and long-term health. Over the long run, alcohol increases the risk of several cancers, including cancer of the liver, mouth, throat, voice box, esophagus, colon, and rectum. Even a few drinks a week is linked with an increased risk of breast cancer in women.

Drinking less reduces your risk of getting sick and doing something you may regret. By Sarah Bence, OTR/LBence is an occupational therapist with a range of work experience in mental healthcare settings. Naturally, you may wonder how much alcohol you have to drink to get to that point. The answer depends on your sex, age, body mass, metabolism, the type of alcohol, and more. The service is free and available 24 hours a day year-round.

The 37 million binge drinkers had about one binge per week and consumed an average of seven drinks per episode. Genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors can impact how drinking alcohol affects your body and behavior. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder. Simply explain why you’re concerned about their binge drinking. You might point out the effects that it’s having on their mood or physical health. Or you could let them know how it’s affecting your relationship.

1. A person’s BAC is the percentage of alcohol in their blood, and in the United States, a BAC of 0.08% means the person is legally intoxicated.
2. It’s common for binge drinking to occur socially—for example, at a wedding reception, house party, or a night out.
3. How quickly a person’s body absorbs alcohol may depend on their sex, age, and body size.
4. However, binge drinking can have serious consequences and any unhealthy patterns of alcohol use can lead to more serious problems.
5. A heavy drinking binge may even cause a life-threatening coma or death.

You might not recognize how much you drink or how many problems in your life are related to alcohol use. Listen to relatives, friends or co-workers when they ask you to examine your drinking habits or to seek help. Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped. In social situations where drinking is encouraged, you can give your loved one reasons to practice self-control. For example, if you and your husband are going to a party together, agree beforehand that he will be the designated driver. In some cases, the people around you might continue to pressure you to drink.

Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw famously declared that whiskey is liquid sunshine. Funny, yes; but, sadly, drinking led to his death after he collapsed at the Harbour Lights Bar in Dublin. Excessive drinking is also bad for the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attack, high blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat. Heavy, long-term alcohol use can lead to alcoholic liver disease, which includes inflammation of the liver and cirrhosis. Binge drinking has many effects on your body, both over the short and long term. If no one’s pressuring you, but you still feel a desire to fit in, have a non-alcoholic beverage.

While some open bottles, like red wine and whiskey, are better stored at cooler temperatures, other options require refrigeration to stay fresh. No alcohol should go to waste because it wasn’t stored properly, so here are the best ways to extend the shelf life of your bottles of cheer. However, they may thicken a little in below-room-temperature conditions. For that reason, some vodka lovers deliberately store bottles in the freezer for extra chill and a slightly syrupy pour, explains Darron Foy, bar manager for NYC restaurant The Flatiron Room. However, “chilling your spirit in a fridge or freezer may change the flavor of the spirit, muting lighter notes and tones that would be present in a room-temp bottle,” he adds.

Buy Cheap Alcohol Online with Spirit Store UK!

As temperatures rise, the alcohol begins to expand and can evaporate more quickly. While it won’t hurt you healthwise to consume, storing in a warm place can cause the liquor to oxidize more quickly and change flavors over time. Protecting alcohol from light exposure, particularly harmful UV rays, is crucial as it can cause off-flavors and deterioration. Choosing the appropriate containers, such as glass bottles for wine, stainless steel containers for spirits, or wooden barrels for aging, helps preserve the flavors and protect against external factors. If your bottles sit on a bar cart, make sure they’re out of direct sunlight.

How To Store Liquor at Home

The UK Chief Medical Officers recommend that an alcohol-free childhood is the healthiest and best option.9 Alcohol use during the teenage years is related to a wide range of health and social problems. In England, Scotland and Wales, it’s not illegal for someone between the ages of five and 17 to drink alcohol at home or on other private premises. Laws affecting under-18s cover topics like schooling, employment, care and health.

How to Store Gin

1. But using high quality spirits can make them something truly worth savoring.
2. But if you’re looking to build out your home bar with more variety, it may be time to explore alternatives that allow you to keep things classic while adding a little extra excitement.
3. “You can easily get a quality vacuum pump for $10 to $20 and, while not perfect, it can add a few days to the life of your wine,” explains Hoel.
4. Their in-house tests suggested that heat can change the way a spirit tastes, by breaking down its organic molecules, and that light can fade the color of a spirit.

Police detectives viewed surveillance footage from the store and saw Wan slip the genuine ring into his palm and switch it with the fake, according to the complaint. The documents state when police approached Minniear, he poured out a dark liquid from his driver’s side door. Officers believe it was alcohol, but when they questioned Minniear about it, he told them it was his own urine. According to arrest documents, LMPD officers were dispatched to the McDonald’s following several calls about Minniear consuming alcohol in the drive-thru line. There’s no need to refrigerate or freeze hard liquor whether it’s still sealed or already opened.

Keeping your whiskey down rather than standing it upright can cause the cork to mix and seep into the liquid, altering the high-alcohol content and causing it to disintegrate over time. But while some types will stay good for quite a while, others have a more complicated shelf life. If you want to keep your spirits spirited longer, follow these tips on how to store your liquor properly. Believe it or not, there’s a right and wrong way for storing wine at home.

Consistently named as one of the greatest hikes in the world, this journey, led by an expert guide, begins and ends in Chamonix, France. If the timeless terrain of Greece has always been on your bucket list, then now is the time to lock in an exciting adventure. Explore the footsteps of Gods and important philosophers in Athens, visit gem-colored islands in the Mediterranean, and soak up the sun on an easy-going hiking adventure to usurp all others. Please select a county or time using the tools to the right to search our database. Search results will appear here and placemarks will indicate locations of meetings in the interactive map above. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn and work.

Someone aged 16 or 17 and accompanied by an adult, can drink (but not buy) beer, wine or cider with a meal at a licensed premises (except in Northern Ireland). But it’s illegal for people this age to drink spirits in a pub anywhere in the UK, even with a meal. We are an online alcohol shop with a fantastic range of beers, wine and spirits at discount prices.

Keep it tightly sealed in the fridge and don’t expect it to last as long as a straight spirit. Aging and cellaring alcohol requires patience and proper understanding of your preferred beverages. With the right environment, bottle positioning, and time, you can create a collection of beautifully aged beverages 11 natural remedies for erectile dysfunction ed that showcase the depth and complexity that only comes with age. This helps you rediscover forgotten bottles and ensures that each bottle gets its fair share of attention. It also provides an opportunity to reevaluate your inventory and assess any gaps or excesses in certain types of alcohol.

It’s equally at home sipped on its own, shaken up with lime in a Margarita, paired with grapefruit in a Paloma, or mixed into something as simple as a Ranch Water. Marc Farrell founded Ten To One to shift people’s perception of rum away from pirates addiction specialist degrees certifications and qualifications and Panama hats, and redirect it toward the real history of the Caribbean. His excellent dark rum has baking-spice and tropical-fruit notes making it a standout in cocktails, but also a versatile ingredient for both sweet and savory dishes.

For wines or spirits that improve with age, keep track of their aging potential. Note the optimal aging window for each bottle and make a plan to enjoy them within that timeframe. Regularly assess the progress of aging and decide when each bottle is ready to be opened and enjoyed.

White wine and rosé should also be recorked and stored in the fridge after opening. When the temperature creeps up, it can cause anarchy in your carefully curated collection, leading your wine to become “cooked.” Warmer storage temperatures will also speed up the aging process in a pretty dramatic way. At the ideal cool but not too cold temperature, your wine will become more complex, if you choose to age it. Better still, it’ll not go off, if you’re hanging on to it for a later date.

By following these guidelines and investing time, patience, and care in the aging process, you can create a collection of beautifully aged beverages that showcase the complexity and nuances that only time can reveal. If you notice any issues, remove the affected bottle from your collection to prevent cross-contamination. Invest in storage racks or shelves designed specifically for alcohol storage. These racks can provide a stable and organized display, allowing you to store bottles horizontally or vertically based on their recommended storage position. Choose racks or shelves made of materials that absorb minimal heat and vibration, such as wood or metal. When selecting containers for alcohol storage, consider the specific needs of your beverages.

“Most people store spirits at room temperature and upright, and it’s a good idea to keep unopened bottles sealed tightly.” Place frequently enjoyed beverages in a more accessible location, whether it’s a designated shelf in your wine cellar or a cooler in your refrigerator. This ensures that your favorite drinks are readily available for enjoyment. Remember, regardless of the container you choose, proper sealing is crucial to prevent air exposure and maintain the quality of your alcohol over time.

Overhead lighting and refrigerator exhaust give off a lot of heat, and the constant vibration can adversely affect taste. “The most important thing is to keep the bottles out of direct sunlight,” says Anita LaRaia, author of Pick a Perfect Wine…In No Time. Keeping your wine low to the ground or in a cabinet helps protect it from overhead fluorescent lighting, which can also do damage.

When it comes to storing alcohol, whether it’s fine wines, spirits, or craft beers, proper storage is essential to maintaining their quality and taste. Storing alcohol correctly not only helps preserve its flavor but also prevents it from spoiling or muscle relaxers and alcohol oxidizing prematurely. For common distilled spirits, such as whiskey, vodka, gin, rum and tequila, the general rule of thumb is to store them at room temperature. Though some experts say the ideal range is slightly lower, between 55 and 60 degrees.

(B) Where such unit has failed to permanently cease coal combustion by December 31, 2034, there shall be no discharge of pollutants in bottom ash transport water after December 31, 2034. (E) From limitations for low utilization electric generating units under paragraph (g)(2)(iii) or (k)(2)(iii) of this section to limitations for electric generating units permanently ceasing coal combustion under paragraph (g)(2)(i) and (k)(2)(ii) of this section. (B) Where a unit has certified that it will cease combustion of coal pursuant to § 423.19(g) and such unit has failed to permanently cease coal combustion by December 31, 2028, there shall be no discharge of pollutants https://www.myprice74.ru/info/tv/mtv/?date=2010-06-15 in bottom ash transport water after December 31, 2028. (B) The total volume that may be discharged for the activities in paragraph (k)(2)(i)(A) of this section shall be reduced or eliminated to the extent achievable using control measures (including best management practices) that are technologically available and economically achievable in light of best industry practice. The total volume of the discharge authorized in this paragraph (k)(2)(i)(B) shall be determined on a case-by-case basis by the permitting authority and in no event shall such discharge exceed a 30-day rolling average of ten percent of the primary active wetted bottom ash system volume.

Toward understanding the functions of peer influence: A summary and synthesis of recent empirical research

For further discussion of the definitional changes to BA transport water that are being finalized with respect to high intensity, infrequent storm events, as well as decommissioning wastewater, see section VII.B.5 of this preamble. For further discussion of the EPA’s retention of the 2020 rule limitations as interim limitations, see section VII.C.7 of this preamble. For the 2023 proposed rule, the EPA assessed non-water quality environmental impacts, including energy requirements, air impacts, solid waste impacts, and changes in water use and found them to be acceptable. The EPA reevaluated these impacts in light of the changed industry profile and public comments, as well as the requirements of the final rule. Based on the results of these analyses, the EPA determines that the final rule has acceptable non-water quality environmental impacts. See additional information in section 7 of the Supplemental TDD, as well as section X of this preamble.

• Further, as explained in section VIII of this preamble, the EPA’s analysis demonstrates that the final requirements are economically achievable for the steam electric power generating industry as a whole and for plants owned by state or local government entities.
• This, along with distributional disparities observed under the baseline for other populations, indicates the presence of potential EJ concerns under the baseline across the three analyses.
• The EPA received many comments from electric utilities arguing that this approach was not appropriate.
• The relevance of appearance-related social pressure as a crucial factor for low self-esteem and depression as well as body dissatisfaction and unhealthy body change efforts has been proven repeatedly [e.g.[44-46].
• Our recent work has utilized brain imaging to more directly examine the neural dynamics underlying adolescent susceptibility to peer influences.
• Conflict with parents erupts over efforts to escape oversight and adapt to peer expectations (Dijkstra et al., 2015).

B. Implementation of New Limitations and Standards

• The EPA finds that, after evaluating public comments, along with the record and factors specified in CWA section 304(b)(2)(B), the subcategory is no longer warranted.
• For CRL that is not otherwise subcategorized in this rule, the EPA is requiring limitations based on zero-discharge systems during operations to continue to apply even after retirement.
• For the upper bound cost scenario, an additional 2 small entities (both non-utilities) have costs equal to or greater than one percent of revenue for a total of 12 entities.
• Learning how to cope with peer pressure matters as it can help us stand by our values.
• The EPA is requiring that this report provide a comprehensive set of monitoring data.

Respect for authority and the fear of stepping out of line were strong cultural values of pre-genocide Rwanda and so were included in these activities.[65] Second, their value of social conformity only increased in the decades leading up to the genocide in both social and political manners. Peasants were told exactly when and http://www.sapkowski.su/modules.php?name=Articles&pa=showarticle&artid=12&page=8 what to farm and could be fined given any lack of compliance. Another investigation, completed in 2011, looked at the effect of peer pressure surrounding sexual activities in the youth surrounding US born Mexicans and Mexico born Mexicans. Among all the different types of peer pressure, direct influences are the most powerful.

The Daily Journal of the United States Government

In addition, the final rule creates three new subcategories based on the proposal, as described further in subsections 4-6 below. These subcategories are for (1) EGUs permanently ceasing coal combustion by 2034, (2) discharges of unmanaged CRL, and (3) discharges of legacy wastewater from surface impoundments that will commence closure under the CCR regulations after the effective date of this https://www.oinkleburger.com/OssetianPies/ossetian-pie-with-a-beetle-recipe final rule. For these subcategorized units, the EPA is establishing different limitations (using different technology bases) than the ones applicable to the rest of the steam electric point source category. As explained in section VII of this preamble, the EPA is establishing more stringent limitations on several wastestreams that would alleviate concerns raised by the public water systems.

How Can Parents Help Their Children Deal with Peer Pressure?

• In the 1940s, Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, began a systematic purge against the Jewish people living in Europe, killing around six million Jews by the end of World War II.
• In this work, we have presented a methodology to address the previously unexplored influence of the combined action of direct and indirect peer pressure on social group dynamics.
• In classrooms where popular peers are aggressive, classmates increase their aggression; in classrooms where popular peers are prosocial, classmates increase their prosociality (Laninga‐Wijnen et al., 2020).
• (iv) A statement that the facility experienced a storm event exceeding a 10-year, 24-hour or longer duration, including specifics of the actual storm event that are sufficient for a third party to verify the accuracy of the statement.
• These comments did not provide information demonstrating that legacy wastewater discharges are tied to the marginal operating costs of steam EGUs.

The EPA received several comments on these limitations that would apply after the permanent cessation of coal combustion date. Some commenters expressed a preference for them and sought an even stronger requirement that the zero-discharge limitations be retroactive. Other commenters suggested that these limitations are not necessary, are unduly burdensome, and are not cost-free, even where a facility successfully permanently ceases coal combustion by the specified date. One commenter in the latter category suggested a 120-day flexibility for facilities that permanently ceased coal combustion to allow for some residual discharges of these wastewaters as necessary, subject to requirements no more stringent than BPT limitations. The final engineering challenge discussed in the 2020 rule record with respect to closed-loop systems was the need to maintain water system chemistry. The 2020 rule discussed potentially problematic system chemistries, such as extreme acidic conditions, high scaling potential, and the buildup of fine particulates that could clog pumps and other equipment.

Also unclear is the contribution of social norms to the domains in which influence is exercised and to the success of influence attempts. Identity signaling is a key mechanism for enforcing similarity in a peer group (Berger, 2008). Some identity markers reflect social norms, which encompass principles and values that are sources of agreement and causes for unity (Veenstra et al., 2018).

VI. Data Collection Since the 2020 Rule

Under section 509(b)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA), judicial review of this regulation can be had only by filing a petition for review in the U.S. Court of Appeals within 120 days after the regulation is considered issued for purposes of judicial review. Under section 509(b)(2), the requirements of this regulation may not be challenged later in civil or criminal proceedings brought by EPA to enforce these requirements.

• They provided information and perspectives on the status of many utilities transitioning away from coal.
• The market analysis compares model predictions for the final rule to a base case that includes the predicted and observed economic and market effects of the 2020 rule and other environmental regulations.
• Furthermore, even looking at membrane filtration itself, as the EPA noted in the 2023 proposal, the foreign membrane filtration systems discussed in the 2020 rule have continued to successfully treat FGD wastewater and achieve zero discharge since 2020.
• Because of this, many teens are more susceptible to influence from older or more popular friends.

The Primacy of Peers in Adolescent Culture

The EPA has updated its cost estimates as discussed in section VIII and section 5 of the TDD. These revised cost estimates consist of least-cost analysis across the various zero-discharge systems. Part of this update also included adjustments to better account for the amount of FA available for encapsulation, brine generation rates, and brine encapsulation blends, all to respond to commenters and improve the accuracy of the Agency’s analysis. The EPA finds that the now higher costs of membrane filtration lead thermal and SDE systems to be a less costly option at many plants.

However, consistent heavy drinking strains those protective processes — especially in your liver — making them less effective. Ultimately, your body can’t keep up with the damage to multiple organ systems, including your heart. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines heavy alcohol use — also known as heavy drinking — as more than eight drinks per week for women and more than 15 drinks per week alcoholic cardiomyopathy is especially dangerous because for men. One drink is equal to 14 grams of pure alcohol, which can take many different forms because some forms have a higher concentration of alcohol than others. The mainstay of management is providing support, resources including but not limited to alcoholic anonymous and encouragement for alcohol abstinence and address underlying stressors if any which requires assistance from nursing staff and pharmacy.

2 Estimation of prognosis and risk factors in ACM

The aim of this narrative review is to describe clinical characteristics of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, highlighting the areas of uncertainty. Others have demonstrated that long-term ethanol administration decreases myocardial protein expression and synthesis and accelerates protein degradation, suggesting that these alterations may represent a key pathophysiologic mechanism underlying the adverse effects of ethanol (62). Histopathologic examination of hearts from individuals with https://ecosoberhouse.com/ the diagnosis of ACM have revealed contractile protein loss, fragmentation, and disarray, supporting the concept of altered protein physiology/composition (11, 29,31). Using a mass spectrometric-based proteomic analysis, Fogle et al. examined the effects of 16 weeks of ethanol consumption on rat cardiac muscle protein expression (45). These investigators also found decreases in peroxiredoxin 5, antioxidant protein 2, and glutathione transferase 5, important anti-oxidant enzymes.

Is this condition only a chronic (long-term) problem?

Data on the amount of alcohol consumption required to cause ACM are limited and controversial. In general, you should talk to your healthcare provider if you notice changes in your symptoms over time, especially if they are starting to affect your normal life and routine. However, you should talk to your healthcare provider about symptoms that mean you should call their office because each case is different. The only way to completely prevent alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy is not to drink alcohol at all. Alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy can affect anyone who consumes too much alcohol, even those who don’t have alcohol use disorder.

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: Linked Mechanisms

Alterations caused by heavy alcohol intake have also been studied from the perspective of histopathology. Emmanuel Rubin analysed muscle biopsies from individuals who were previously non-drinkers and were submitted to a balanced diet with heavy alcohol intake during one month[41]. These changes, though subtle, were similar to those found by Ferrans and Hibbs in eight deceased individuals diagnosed with ACM[42,43]. On histological examination, various degrees of fibrosis, patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis, intramural blood clots and focal collections of swollen cells in both the epicardium and endocardium were found.

How is this condition treated, and can it be cured?

• Other treatments aim to treat the symptoms of ACM and prevent any disease complications.
• When it comes to wine, one drink is defined as a 5-ounce (148 ml) serving, which typically contains about 12% ABV.
• In summary, there appears to be a number of ways in which mitochondrial perturbations could contribute to both the development and progression of ACM.
• NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings the blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or above.
• As noted in the text, the exact amount and duration of alcohol consumption that results in ACM in human beings varies.
• The Cd36 gene encodes for proteins involved with transport of long-chain fatty acids.

Data from isolated papillary and heart muscle cell (myocyte) experiments demonstrate that acute physiologic intoxicating doses of alcohol (80 mg% to 250 mg%) can have a negative inotropic effect (Danziger et al. 1991; Guarnieri and Lakatta 1990). These effects also may involve an irregular and often very fast heart rate (arrhythmia) during which the heart’s upper chambers (atria) contract chaotically out of coordination with its lower chambers (ventricles), known as atrial fibrillation, or (rarely) sudden cardiac death. Some adverse BP-related mechanisms that may be triggered by alcohol include changes in intracellular calcium levels, baroreflex control, and heart rate and activation of other neurohormonal systems besides the RAAS, such as the sympathetic nervous system (Marchi et al. 2014). Results from another meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies found a similar dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and HTN for males. A J-shaped relationship for females showed protective effects at or below consumption levels of 15 g/day (Taylor et al. 2009). These data highlight how gender may be an important modifier of the alcohol threshold level and can shape the alcohol benefit–risk relationship.

Long-term Effects

• Alcohol also can increase levels of co-enzymes or reducing equivalents (e.g., reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH]), which lead to increases in ROS formation and decreases in eNOS activity (Ceron et al. 2014).
• Detailed study design and findings related to investigations reporting changes in oxidative phosphorylation are summarized in Table 2.
• Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heart disease that occurs due to chronic alcohol consumption.
• Elevations of the transaminases (GOT, GPT), especially a ratio of GOT/GPT higher than 2 might be indicative of alcoholic liver disease instead of liver disease from other etiologies [120, 121].
• In a national inpatient sample study, some authors have reported ACM to be most common in white males aged between 45 and 59 [2].
• The prevalance of alcoholic cardiomyopathy in addiction units is estimated around %.
• It’s important to note that alcoholic cardiomyopathy may not cause any symptoms until the disease is more advanced.

• Despite the progress in standardizing measurement of alcohol, studies still vary in how they define the different levels of drinking, such as low-risk or moderate and heavy drinking.
• Consulting with a healthcare professional can provide personalized advice and guidance.
• Mathews and Kino found a small, but significant increase in left ventricular mass in individuals consuming at least 12 oz of whisky during 6 years and 60 g of ethanol per day, respectively[22,40].

Basic studies on molecular mechanisms of myocardial damage